太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是通過光(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效應或者光(guang)(guang)化(hua)學效應直接把光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的裝置。當太(tai)陽光(guang)(guang)入射(she)時，被吸收的光(guang)(guang)子使PN節的2側P區(qu)(qu)和(he)N區(qu)(qu)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子－空(kong)(kong)穴(xue)對，由于擴散而直達空(kong)(kong)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷區(qu)(qu)，在(zai)PN結的強電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用下(xia)而分離，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子移(yi)向低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位N區(qu)(qu)，空(kong)(kong)穴(xue)移(yi)向P區(qu)(qu)，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子和(he)空(kong)(kong)穴(xue)的積累，P區(qu)(qu)和(he)N區(qu)(qu)間(jian)就產生了光(guang)(guang)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)，即(ji)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)；當許(xu)多個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)串聯(lian)或并(bing)聯(lian)起來就可(ke)以成為有比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)的輸出功率的太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)方陣。

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    由(you)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電池(chi)集成的太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能發電系(xi)統易拆遷、易增(zeng)容(rong)，與建筑(zhu)結合能節省大(da)量土(tu)地資源，維(wei)護成本低，性(xing)能穩定(ding)可靠，且使(shi)用(yong)壽命長。太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電池(chi)是太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能發電系(xi)統的核心(xin)部(bu)分，其研發和(he)生產將直(zhi)接影響到太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能發電的發展。

    （1） 太陽能(neng)電池分類(lei)情況

    太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)光伏發(fa)電(dian)主要由太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)規模化(hua)(hua)集成形成光伏電(dian)站(zhan)。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)主要分為(wei)晶體(ti)硅太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和薄膜(mo)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩大(da)類。其中(zhong)，已(yi)實(shi)現產業化(hua)(hua)生產的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)主要包括單晶硅太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、多晶硅太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、非(fei)晶硅薄膜(mo)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和II-VI族化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。根據所(suo)用材料和技術的不同，具體(ti)分類如(ru)下圖所(suo)示(shi)：

太陽能電池分類

數(shu)據來源：智研數(shu)據中心整理

太陽能(neng)電池的主(zhu)要類(lei)別(bie)及特征

數據來(lai)源：《能源評論》

    （2）晶(jing)體(ti)硅太陽能電池是太陽能電池的(de)主流產品

    經過多年發展，相比(bi)薄膜太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，晶體硅太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)生產(chan)的產(chan)業(ye)鏈各環節都已形成成熟工藝，且具(ju)備轉換效率(lv)高、技術(shu)成熟、性能(neng)(neng)(neng)穩定、成本(ben)低等優勢，廣泛應用(yong)于下游的光伏發電(dian)(dian)領域(yu)。目前，國際太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)市(shi)場以(yi)晶體硅太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為主(zhu)流，晶體硅太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)約占太陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)市(shi)場份額的90%。

    薄膜太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)增長(chang)(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)快于晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，一方面是由于其增長(chang)(chang)基數非常小，另(ling)一方面，晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池原(yuan)料成本(ben)的(de)(de)快速(su)增長(chang)(chang)一定程度(du)(du)上制(zhi)約了(le)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)增長(chang)(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)。隨著(zhu)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)上游原(yuan)料——多晶(jing)硅(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)行業壟(long)斷格局(ju)被打(da)破(po)，晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)系統成本(ben)大幅下降(jiang)，市(shi)場(chang)上的(de)(de)并網(wang)光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)幾乎全部采(cai)用(yong)穩定性好、轉換效率較(jiao)高的(de)(de)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。因此，從中長(chang)(chang)期來看，晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)硅(gui)(gui)太(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)流地位不(bu)會改變。